Overview

This document contains instructions on the course project for STA 141A Spring 2023. This document is made with R markdown. The rmd file to generate this document is available on the course website.

Background

In this project, we analyze a subset of data collected by Steinmetz et al. (2019). While this document provides the basic understanding of the experiments, it is highly recommended that one consults the original publication for a more comprehensive understanding in order to improve the quality of the analysis report.

In the study conducted by Steinmetz et al. (2019), experiments were performed on a total of 10 mice over 39 sessions. Each session comprised several hundred trials, during which visual stimuli were randomly presented to the mouse on two screens positioned on both sides of it. The stimuli varied in terms of contrast levels, which took values in {0, 0.25, 0.5, 1}, with 0 indicating the absence of a stimulus. The mice were required to make decisions based on the visual stimuli, using a wheel controlled by their forepaws. A reward or penalty (i.e., feedback) was subsequently administered based on the outcome of their decisions. In particular,

The activity of the neurons in the mice’s visual cortex was recorded during the trials and made available in the form of spike trains, which are collections of timestamps corresponding to neuron firing. In this project, we focus specifically on the spike trains of neurons from the onset of the stimuli to 0.4 seconds post-onset. In addition, we only use 18 sessions (Sessions 1 to 18) from four mice: Cori, Frossman, Hence, and Lederberg.

Data structure


A total of 18 RDS files are provided that contain the records from 18 sessions. In each RDS file, you can find the name of mouse from mouse_name and date of the experiment from date_exp.

#sessions <- file.choose()
#sessions_data <- readRDS(sessions)

#setwd("~/Downloads/STA 141A/sessions")
session=list()
for(i in 1:18){
  session[[i]]=readRDS(paste("sessions/session",i,'.rds',sep=''))
    print(session[[i]]$mouse_name)
    print(session[[i]]$date_exp)
  
}
## [1] "Cori"
## [1] "2016-12-14"
## [1] "Cori"
## [1] "2016-12-17"
## [1] "Cori"
## [1] "2016-12-18"
## [1] "Forssmann"
## [1] "2017-11-01"
## [1] "Forssmann"
## [1] "2017-11-02"
## [1] "Forssmann"
## [1] "2017-11-04"
## [1] "Forssmann"
## [1] "2017-11-05"
## [1] "Hench"
## [1] "2017-06-15"
## [1] "Hench"
## [1] "2017-06-16"
## [1] "Hench"
## [1] "2017-06-17"
## [1] "Hench"
## [1] "2017-06-18"
## [1] "Lederberg"
## [1] "2017-12-05"
## [1] "Lederberg"
## [1] "2017-12-06"
## [1] "Lederberg"
## [1] "2017-12-07"
## [1] "Lederberg"
## [1] "2017-12-08"
## [1] "Lederberg"
## [1] "2017-12-09"
## [1] "Lederberg"
## [1] "2017-12-10"
## [1] "Lederberg"
## [1] "2017-12-11"
session[[8]]$mouse_name
## [1] "Hench"
#install.packages('corrr')

Five variables are available for each trial, namely

Take the 11th trial in Session 5 for example, we can see that the left contrast for this trial is 1 the right contrast is 0, and the feedback (i.e., outcome) of the trial is 1. There are a total of 1077 meurons in this trial from 10 areas of the brain. The spike trains of these neurons are stored in session[[5]]$spks[[11]] which is a 1077 by 40 matrix with each entry being the number of spikes of one neuron (i.e., row) in each time bin (i.e., column).

Question of interest

The primary objective of this project is to build a predictive model to predict the outcome (i.e., feedback type) of each trial using the neural activity data (i.e., spike trains in spks), along with the stimuli (the left and right contrasts). Given the complexity of the data (and that this is a course project), we break the predictive modeling into three parts as follows.

Part 1 (15 points). Exploratory data analysis. In this part, we will explore the features of the data sets in order to build our prediction model. In particular, we would like to (i) describe the data structures across sessions (e.g., number of neurons, number of trials, stimuli conditions, feedback types), (ii) explore the neural activities during each trial, (iii) explore the changes across trials, and (iv) explore homogeneity and heterogeneity across sessions and mice.

Part 2 (15 points). Data integration. Using the findings in Part 1, we will propose an approach to combine data across trials by (i) extracting the shared patters across sessions and/or (ii) addressing the differences between sessions. The goal of this part is to enable the borrowing of information across sessions to enhance the prediction performance in Part 3.

Part 3 (15 points). Model training and prediction. Finally, we will build a prediction model to predict the outcome (i.e., feedback types). The performance will be evaluated on two test sets of 100 trials randomly selected from Session 1 and Session 18, respectively. The test sets will be released on the day of submission when you need to evaluate the performance of your model.

Project report outline

The final submission of the course project is a report in HTML format, along with a link to the Github repository that can be used to reproduce your report. The project report must be legible and the exposition of the report is part of the grading rubrics. For consistency in grading, please follow the outline listed below.

Project milestones

A series of milestones are set throughout the quarter in order to encourage, and reward, early starts on the course project. Furthermore, there are several project consulting sessions throughout the quarter for students to utilize.

Remark: One important thing to note is that a course project is not an exam where questions on the exam are kept confidential. Instead, the instructor and TAs are more than happy to share with you our thoughts on how to improve your projects before you submit them. From a practical perspective, it is more rewarding to solicit advice and suggestions before we grade your reports than to wait for feedback afterwards. That said, we understand that you may have other courses and obligations that are more important than this course. Therefore, all submissions and attendance are optional except for the final project report due on June 12th.

Reference

Steinmetz, N.A., Zatka-Haas, P., Carandini, M. et al. Distributed coding of choice, action and engagement across the mouse brain. Nature 576, 266–273 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1787-x

Abstract

In this project we analyze a study conducted by Steinmetz et al. (2019), which spanned a total of 10 mice over 30 sessions. In this project, we will be sub setting the data to 18 sessions, to simplify the data-set. In the study the mice were presented with a visual stimuli based on varying contrast levels, and made a decision based off of that. There was a feedback variable which was based off of the outcome of their decisions. The target population for this analysis is the mice involved in the experimental study. The sampling mechanism employed by Steinmetz et al. (2019) ensured that a diverse range of mice were included in the study to capture individual variations in decision-making processes. The neural activity measures, captured in spike counts, provide insights into the firing patterns of neurons during the decision-making process. The main objective of this project being to explore the different features of the trials, and sessions in the beginning, and then ending it off with a prediction model to predict the outcome of a trial. Ultimately, this project uses different methods to help illustrate and describe the different neural activity a mice occurs and understand its relationship with different predictor variables when given a stimuli.

Section I Introduction

The ability to understand neural activity within the brain is a fundamental part of the decision making process. Through a study done by Steinmetz in 2019, we are able to explore the neural impact of decision making in mice. The main objectives of this project are to explore all the different features of this data set, integrate the different sessions and trials of this data set to allow borrowing of data, and finally creating a prediction model to predict the feedback type. There are numerous different predictor variables, with some of the most notable ones I explored being the number of spikes in a trial, number of neurons, brain area, and contrast level. The response variable being the feedback type, I will be using a culmination of different strategies and methods to answer the question of interest, which is to identify shared patterns across sessions,and understand the relationship between neural activity and the feedback response. A few of the methods I applied were PCA and k-means clustering with our variables of interest being spikes and brain area. I used summary statistics to find out the distribution of data, from the different sessions. I also used a logistic regression model to predict the feedback type. Overall, this project highlights the importance of analyzing and understanding neural activity in decision-making tasks.

Section 2 Exploratory analysis

In this section we will explore the different features of this study. We note that each trial has 40 time bins and there are different number of trials per session. We make a session specific data table to include all the variables and response in accordance to their trial. Then we further look into each trial in the sessions by graphing plots. In specific, we are interested in learning which brain areas have the highest usage in the different trials.

mouse=data.frame()
for(i in 1:18){
  x=cbind(session[[i]]$contrast_left,session[[i]]$contrast_right,rep(i,length(session[[i]]$contrast_left)),session[[i]]$mouse_name,length(session[[i]]$brain_area),length(unique(session[[i]]$brain_area)),length(session[[i]]$spks),session[[i]]$feedback_type)

   mouse = rbind(mouse,x)
   
}

colnames(mouse) = c("contrast_left","contrast_right", "session","mouse","number_of_neurons","brain_area","number_of_trials", "feedback_type")
mouse$contrast_left = as.factor(mouse$contrast_left)
mouse$contrast_right = as.factor(mouse$contrast_right)
mouse$session = as.factor (mouse$session)
mouse$mouse = as.factor(mouse$mouse)
mouse$feedback_type = as.factor(mouse$feedback_type)
head(mouse)
##   contrast_left contrast_right session mouse number_of_neurons brain_area
## 1             0            0.5       1  Cori               734          8
## 2             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
## 3           0.5              1       1  Cori               734          8
## 4             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
## 5             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
## 6             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
##   number_of_trials feedback_type
## 1              114             1
## 2              114             1
## 3              114            -1
## 4              114            -1
## 5              114            -1
## 6              114             1
#checking spikes and comapring it to data set
session[[1]]$spks[113]
## [[1]]
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##        [,14] [,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] [,22] [,23] [,24] [,25]
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## [614,]     0     0     0
## [615,]     0     0     0
## [616,]     0     0     0
## [617,]     0     0     0
## [618,]     0     0     0
## [619,]     1     0     1
## [620,]     0     0     0
## [621,]     0     0     0
## [622,]     0     0     0
## [623,]     0     0     0
## [624,]     0     0     0
## [625,]     0     0     0
## [626,]     0     0     0
## [627,]     0     0     0
## [628,]     1     0     0
## [629,]     0     0     0
## [630,]     0     0     0
## [631,]     0     0     0
## [632,]     0     0     0
## [633,]     0     0     0
## [634,]     0     0     0
## [635,]     0     0     0
## [636,]     0     0     0
## [637,]     0     0     0
## [638,]     0     1     1
## [639,]     0     0     0
## [640,]     0     0     0
## [641,]     0     0     0
## [642,]     0     1     0
## [643,]     0     0     0
## [644,]     0     0     0
## [645,]     0     0     0
## [646,]     0     0     0
## [647,]     0     0     0
## [648,]     0     0     0
## [649,]     0     0     0
## [650,]     0     0     0
## [651,]     1     0     0
## [652,]     0     0     0
## [653,]     1     1     0
## [654,]     0     0     0
## [655,]     0     1     0
## [656,]     0     0     0
## [657,]     0     0     0
## [658,]     0     0     0
## [659,]     0     0     0
## [660,]     0     0     0
## [661,]     0     0     0
## [662,]     0     0     0
## [663,]     0     0     0
## [664,]     0     0     0
## [665,]     1     1     0
## [666,]     0     0     0
## [667,]     0     0     0
## [668,]     0     0     0
## [669,]     0     0     0
## [670,]     1     0     1
## [671,]     0     0     0
## [672,]     0     0     0
## [673,]     0     0     0
## [674,]     0     0     0
## [675,]     0     0     0
## [676,]     0     1     0
## [677,]     0     0     0
## [678,]     0     0     0
## [679,]     1     0     0
## [680,]     0     0     0
## [681,]     2     0     0
## [682,]     0     2     0
## [683,]     0     0     0
## [684,]     1     0     0
## [685,]     0     0     0
## [686,]     0     0     0
## [687,]     0     0     0
## [688,]     0     0     2
## [689,]     0     0     0
## [690,]     1     0     0
## [691,]     0     0     0
## [692,]     0     0     0
## [693,]     0     0     0
## [694,]     0     0     1
## [695,]     0     0     0
## [696,]     0     0     0
## [697,]     1     0     0
## [698,]     0     0     0
## [699,]     0     0     0
## [700,]     0     0     0
## [701,]     0     0     0
## [702,]     0     0     0
## [703,]     0     1     0
## [704,]     0     0     0
## [705,]     0     0     0
## [706,]     0     0     0
## [707,]     0     0     0
## [708,]     0     0     0
## [709,]     1     0     0
## [710,]     0     0     0
## [711,]     1     1     1
## [712,]     0     0     0
## [713,]     0     0     0
## [714,]     0     0     0
## [715,]     0     0     0
## [716,]     0     0     0
## [717,]     0     0     0
## [718,]     0     0     0
## [719,]     0     0     0
## [720,]     0     0     0
## [721,]     0     0     0
## [722,]     0     0     0
## [723,]     0     0     0
## [724,]     0     0     0
## [725,]     0     0     0
## [726,]     0     0     0
## [727,]     0     0     0
## [728,]     0     0     0
## [729,]     0     0     1
## [730,]     0     0     0
## [731,]     0     0     0
## [732,]     0     0     0
## [733,]     0     0     0
## [734,]     0     0     0
#making data frame to combine spikes
columnName = NULL
for (i in 1:114){
  
  temp = session[[1]]$time[[i]]
  columnName = c(columnName, temp)
}
library(dplyr)
## 
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
library(magrittr)
#function to combine the sessions to the data
manipData = function(data, sessionNum){
  trial_nums = NULL
  brain_area = data$brain_area
  spks = cbind(brain_area, as.data.frame(sapply(data$spks, rowSums)))
  spks = spks %>% group_by(brain_area) %>% summarise(across(everything(), sum))
  
  proper = tidyr::pivot_longer(spks, cols = starts_with("V"), names_to = "Trial", values_to = "Spikes")
  
trial_numbers= as.numeric(sub("V", "", grep("^V\\d+$", names(spks), value = TRUE)))
trial_nums = rep(trial_numbers, dim(proper %>% distinct(brain_area)) [1])

proper$Trial = c(trial_nums)

proper$session = sessionNum
return(proper)

}

#make a list of all the data frames for individual sessions 
spikeData = list()
for (i in 1:18){
  manipData(session[[i]], i)
  temp=manipData(session[[i]], i)
  spikeData[[i]] = temp
  
}

#Testing for session 2
spikeData[[2]]
## # A tibble: 1,255 × 4
##    brain_area Trial Spikes session
##    <chr>      <dbl>  <dbl>   <int>
##  1 CA1            1    213       2
##  2 CA1            2    159       2
##  3 CA1            3    193       2
##  4 CA1            4    209       2
##  5 CA1            5    145       2
##  6 CA1            6    177       2
##  7 CA1            7    215       2
##  8 CA1            8    308       2
##  9 CA1            9    167       2
## 10 CA1           10    157       2
## # ℹ 1,245 more rows
#Session 2 Trial 1
spks.trial=session[[1]]$spks[[1]]
total.spikes=apply(spks.trial,1,sum)
(avg.spikes=mean(total.spikes))
## [1] 1.581744
#Session 2 Trial 10
spks.trial=session[[1]]$spks[[10]]
total.spikes=apply(spks.trial,1,sum)
(avg.spikes=mean(total.spikes))
## [1] 1.731608
#Session 2 Trial 20
spks.trial=session[[1]]$spks[[20]]
total.spikes=apply(spks.trial,1,sum)
(avg.spikes=mean(total.spikes))
## [1] 2.104905
#Session 2 Trial 30
spks.trial=session[[1]]$spks[[30]]
total.spikes=apply(spks.trial,1,sum)
(avg.spikes=mean(total.spikes))
## [1] 1.899183
#Session 2 Trial 40
spks.trial=session[[1]]$spks[[40]]
total.spikes=apply(spks.trial,1,sum)
(avg.spikes=mean(total.spikes))
## [1] 1.825613

Here we see the differences in average spikes per trial among the a sample of 4 different trials in session 2.

iii) explore the changes across trials
i.s=2 # indicator for this session

i.t=1 # indicator for this trial 

spk.trial = session[[i.s]]$spks[[i.t]]
area=session[[i.s]]$brain_area

# We need to first calculate the number of spikes for each neuron during this trial 
spk.count=apply(spk.trial,1,sum)

# for(i in 1:dim(spk.trial)[1]){
#  spk.count[i]=sum(spk.trial[i,])
# }

# Next we take the average of spikes across neurons that live in the same area 

# You can use tapply() or group_by() in dplyr

# tapply():
spk.average.tapply=tapply(spk.count, area, mean)


# dplyr: 
# To use dplyr you need to create a data frame
tmp <- data.frame(
  area = area,
  spikes = spk.count
)
# Calculate the average by group using dplyr
spk.average.dplyr =tmp %>%
  group_by(area) %>%
  summarize(mean= mean(spikes))
average_spike_area<-function(i.t,this_session){
  spk.trial = this_session$spks[[i.t]]
  area= this_session$brain_area
  spk.count=apply(spk.trial,1,sum)
  spk.average.tapply=tapply(spk.count, area, mean)
  return(spk.average.tapply)
}

average_spike_area(1,this_session = session[[i.s]])
##      CA1     POST     root     VISl    VISpm 
## 1.121053 1.816754 1.538462 1.398268 2.000000
n.trial=length(session[[i.s]]$feedback_type)
n.area=length(unique(session[[i.s]]$brain_area ))
# Alternatively, you can extract these information in the meta that we created before.

# We will create a data frame that contain the average spike counts for each area, feedback type,  the two contrasts, and the trial id

trial.summary =matrix(nrow=n.trial,ncol= n.area+1+2+1)
for(i.t in 1:n.trial){
  trial.summary[i.t,]=c(average_spike_area(i.t,this_session = session[[i.s]]),
                          session[[i.s]]$feedback_type[i.t],
                        session[[i.s]]$contrast_left[i.t],
                        session[[i.s]]$contrast_right[i.s],
                        i.t)
}

colnames(trial.summary)=c(names(average_spike_area(i.t,this_session = session[[i.s]])), 'feedback', 'left contr.','right contr.','id' )

# Turning it into a data frame
trial.summary <- as_tibble(trial.summary)
area.col=rainbow(n=n.area,alpha=0.7)
# In base R, I usually initiate a blank plot before drawing anything on it
plot(x=1,y=0, col='white',xlim=c(0,n.trial),ylim=c(0.5,2.2), xlab="Trials",ylab="Average spike counts", main=paste("Spikes per area in Session", i.s))


for(i in 1:n.area){
  lines(y=trial.summary[[i]],x=trial.summary$id,col=area.col[i],lty=2,lwd=1)
  lines(smooth.spline(trial.summary$id, trial.summary[[i]]),col=area.col[i],lwd=3)
  }
legend("topright", 
  legend = colnames(trial.summary)[1:n.area], 
  col = area.col, 
  lty = 1, 
  cex = 0.8
)

plot.trial<-function(i.t,area, area.col,this_session){
    
    spks=this_session$spks[[i.t]];
    n.neuron=dim(spks)[1]
    time.points=this_session$time[[i.t]]
    
    plot(0,0,xlim=c(min(time.points),max(time.points)),ylim=c(0,n.neuron+1),col='white', xlab='Time (s)',yaxt='n', ylab='Neuron', main=paste('Trial ',i.t, 'feedback', this_session$feedback_type[i.t] ),cex.lab=1.5)
    for(i in 1:n.neuron){
        i.a=which(area== this_session$brain_area[i]);
        col.this=area.col[i.a]
        
        ids.spike=which(spks[i,]>0) # find out when there are spikes 
        if( length(ids.spike)>0 ){
            points(x=time.points[ids.spike],y=rep(i, length(ids.spike) ),pch='.',cex=2, col=col.this)
        }
      
            
    }
    
legend("topright", 
  legend = area, 
  col = area.col, 
  pch = 16, 
  cex = 0.8
  )
}


varname=names(trial.summary);
area=varname[1:(length(varname)-4)]
plot.trial(1,area, area.col,session[[i.s]])

varname=names(trial.summary);
area=varname[1:(length(varname)-4)]
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot.trial(1,area, area.col,session[[i.s]])
plot.trial(2,area, area.col,session[[i.s]])

Within the same trial, but with only differing feedback responses we see there is a difference in the number of neurons within a distinct brain area. For a -1 feedback, we can conclude there is a significant amount of more neurons in the VISpm brain area, compared to the success feedback.

iv) explore homogeneity and heterogeneity across sessions and mice
library(ggplot2)



#Session 2 plot
mean <- spikeData[[2]] %>% group_by(brain_area)%>%summarise(mean_val=mean(Spikes))
ggplot(spikeData[[2]], aes(x= Trial, y = Spikes, color = brain_area)) + geom_line()  + geom_hline(data = mean, aes(yintercept = mean_val,col=brain_area ))

#Session 5 Plot 
mean <- spikeData[[5]] %>% group_by(brain_area)%>%summarise(mean_val=mean(Spikes))
ggplot(spikeData[[5]], aes(x= Trial, y = Spikes, color = brain_area)) + geom_line() + geom_hline(data = mean, aes(yintercept = mean_val,col=brain_area ))

#Session 8 Plot
mean <- spikeData[[8]] %>% group_by(brain_area)%>%summarise(mean_val=mean(Spikes))
ggplot(spikeData[[8]], aes(x= Trial, y = Spikes, color = brain_area)) + geom_line() + geom_hline(data = mean, aes(yintercept = mean_val,col=brain_area ))

#Session 12 Plot
mean <- spikeData[[12]] %>% group_by(brain_area)%>%summarise(mean_val=mean(Spikes))
ggplot(spikeData[[12]], aes(x= Trial, y = Spikes, color = brain_area)) + geom_line() + geom_hline(data = mean, aes(yintercept = mean_val,col=brain_area ))

#Session 16 Plot
mean <- spikeData[[16]] %>% group_by(brain_area)%>%summarise(mean_val=mean(Spikes))
ggplot(spikeData[[16]], aes(x= Trial, y = Spikes, color = brain_area)) + geom_line() +geom_hline(data = mean, aes(yintercept = mean_val,col=brain_area ))

Section 3 Data integration

In this section we integrate all the data from the different sessions into one big data frame. This would help us extract patterns and differences in the different features of the data set. We use a various amount of methods and illustrations to help us achieve this. We use a frequency table to see the distribution of brain areas across different sessions. This will help identify the brain areas that are common or shared across multiple sessions. Additionally, we also calculate the summary statistics to see the differences in the trials. We also make other illustrations such as seeing which mouse had the highest feedback, and also calculating the feedback rate.

(i) extracting the shared patters across sessions
totalSpikeData = NULL
for(i in 1:18){
  tempData  = manipData(session[[i]], i)
  
  totalSpikeData = rbind(totalSpikeData, tempData)
}

totalSpikeData
## # A tibble: 49,173 × 4
##    brain_area Trial Spikes session
##    <chr>      <dbl>  <dbl>   <int>
##  1 ACA            1    138       1
##  2 ACA            2     64       1
##  3 ACA            3    130       1
##  4 ACA            4     56       1
##  5 ACA            5     84       1
##  6 ACA            6     50       1
##  7 ACA            7    133       1
##  8 ACA            8    115       1
##  9 ACA            9     80       1
## 10 ACA           10    142       1
## # ℹ 49,163 more rows
summarisedSpikeData = totalSpikeData %>% group_by(session, Trial) %>% summarise(spikes =sum(Spikes))
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'session'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
combinedSpikeData = cbind(mouse,summarisedSpikeData[-1])

head(combinedSpikeData)
##   contrast_left contrast_right session mouse number_of_neurons brain_area
## 1             0            0.5       1  Cori               734          8
## 2             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
## 3           0.5              1       1  Cori               734          8
## 4             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
## 5             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
## 6             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
##   number_of_trials feedback_type Trial spikes
## 1              114             1     1   1161
## 2              114             1     2    963
## 3              114            -1     3   1354
## 4              114            -1     4   1014
## 5              114            -1     5   1046
## 6              114             1     6    803
#Frequency table amongst all sessions to see the distribution of brain areas across different sessions. This will help identify the brain areas that are common or shared across multiple sessions.

#The  vector shared_areas contains the brain areas that are shared across multiple sessions.

frequency_table <- table(totalSpikeData$brain_area, totalSpikeData$session)
shared_areas <- rownames(frequency_table)[rowSums(frequency_table > 0) > 1]
frequency_table
##        
##           1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18
##   ACA   114   0   0 249 254   0   0   0   0   0   0 340 300   0   0   0   0   0
##   ACB     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 216
##   AUD     0   0   0   0   0 290   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   BLA     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 404   0   0   0
##   CA1     0 251 228 249 254 290   0 250 372 447   0 340 300 268   0   0   0   0
##   CA3   114   0   0   0   0   0 252 250 372   0   0   0   0   0 404 280   0 216
##   CP      0   0   0   0   0   0 252   0   0   0 342   0   0   0   0   0   0 216
##   DG    114   0 228 249 254   0   0 250   0 447   0 340 300   0   0   0   0   0
##   EPd     0   0   0   0   0   0 252   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   GPe     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 447   0   0   0   0 404   0   0   0
##   ILA     0   0   0   0   0   0   0 250   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   LD      0   0   0   0   0   0 252 250 372   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 224   0
##   LGd     0   0   0 249   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 340 300   0 404 280   0 216
##   LH      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 340   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   LP      0   0 228   0   0   0   0 250   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   LS    114   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   LSc     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 342   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   LSr     0   0   0 249   0   0   0 250 372   0 342   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   MB      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 447   0   0 300   0 404 280   0   0
##   MD      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 340   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   MEA     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 224   0
##   MG      0   0 228   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   MOp     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 342   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   MOs   114   0   0 249 254   0   0 250   0   0   0 340 300 268   0   0   0   0
##   MRN     0   0 228   0   0   0   0   0   0 447   0   0 300 268   0   0   0   0
##   MS      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 300   0   0   0   0   0
##   NB      0   0 228   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   OLF     0   0   0   0 254   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   ORB     0   0   0   0 254   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 268   0   0   0   0
##   ORBm    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 372   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   OT      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 216
##   PAG     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 268   0   0   0   0
##   PIR     0   0   0   0   0   0 252   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   PL      0   0   0   0 254   0   0 250 372   0   0 340 300   0   0   0   0   0
##   PO      0   0   0   0   0   0   0 250   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   POL     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 447   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   POST    0 251 228   0   0   0   0   0   0 447   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   PT      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 342   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   RN      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 300   0   0   0   0   0
##   root  114 251 228   0 254 290 252 250 372 447 342 340 300 268 404   0 224 216
##   RSP     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 268   0   0   0   0
##   RT      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 224   0
##   SCm     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 447   0   0 300 268   0   0   0   0
##   SCs     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 300 268   0   0   0   0
##   SCsg    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 447   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   SI      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 216
##   SNr     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 216
##   SPF     0   0 228   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   SSp     0   0   0   0   0 290 252   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 280   0   0
##   SSs     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 280   0   0
##   SUB   114   0   0 249 254   0   0 250   0   0   0 340   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   TH      0   0   0 249   0 290   0   0 372   0   0   0   0   0   0 280   0 216
##   TT      0   0   0   0   0   0   0 250 372   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   VISa    0   0   0 249 254   0   0 250   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   VISam   0   0 228   0   0   0   0   0 372   0   0 340 300   0   0   0   0   0
##   VISl    0 251   0   0   0   0   0   0 372 447   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   VISp  114   0 228 249   0   0   0 250   0 447   0 340   0 268   0   0   0   0
##   VISpm   0 251   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   VISrl   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 447   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
##   VPL     0   0   0 249   0   0 252   0 372   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 224   0
##   VPM     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 404   0 224   0
##   ZI      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 300   0 404   0   0 216
shared_areas
##  [1] "ACA"   "CA1"   "CA3"   "CP"    "DG"    "GPe"   "LD"    "LGd"   "LP"   
## [10] "LSr"   "MB"    "MOs"   "MRN"   "ORB"   "PL"    "POST"  "root"  "SCm"  
## [19] "SCs"   "SSp"   "SUB"   "TH"    "TT"    "VISa"  "VISam" "VISl"  "VISp" 
## [28] "VPL"   "VPM"   "ZI"
(ii) addressing the differences between sessions.
library(dplyr)
#Printing summary stats of the combined data sessions

# Group the data by relevant variables 
grouped_data <- combinedSpikeData %>% 
  group_by(contrast_left, contrast_right, brain_area) %>%
  ungroup()

# Compute summary statistics
summary_stats <- grouped_data %>% 
  summarise(mean_spikes = mean(spikes),
            median_spikes = median(spikes),
            sd_spikes = sd(spikes),
            .groups = "drop")

# Compute spike count correlations
spike_count_corr <- grouped_data %>%
  summarise(correlation = cor(spikes, spikes),
            .groups = "drop")

# View the computed statistics and correlations
print(summary_stats)
## # A tibble: 1 × 3
##   mean_spikes median_spikes sd_spikes
##         <dbl>         <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1       1207.          1168      490.
print(spike_count_corr)
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   correlation
##         <dbl>
## 1           1
#Compute the means and summary statistics of all the different sessions

# Initialize an empty dataframe to store the results
summary_df <- data.frame(
  session = numeric(),
  mean_spike_count = numeric(),
  median_spike_count = numeric(),
  sd_spike_count = numeric()
)

# Get unique sessions
unique_sessions <- unique(combinedSpikeData$session)

# Iterate over each unique session
for (i in 1:length(unique_sessions)) {
  # Extract the current session value
  session_val <- unique_sessions[i]
  
  # Subset the data for the current session
  subset_data <- combinedSpikeData[combinedSpikeData$session == session_val, ]
  
  # Compute summary statistics for spike count
  mean_spike <- mean(subset_data$spikes)
  median_spike <- median(subset_data$spikes)
  sd_spike <- sd(subset_data$spikes)
  
  # Create a new row in the summary dataframe
  summary_df <- rbind(summary_df, data.frame(
    session = session_val,
    mean_spike_count = mean_spike,
    median_spike_count = median_spike,
    sd_spike_count = sd_spike
  ))
}

# View the summary dataframe
print(summary_df)
##    session mean_spike_count median_spike_count sd_spike_count
## 1        1        1130.0965             1078.0       204.6960
## 2        2        1354.2271             1352.0       185.0323
## 3        3        1382.8070             1367.5       151.6005
## 4        4        1488.7108             1476.0       268.0906
## 5        5        1201.7480             1187.5       210.5159
## 6        6         775.2690              768.0       141.0020
## 7        7         826.5794              803.0       167.6809
## 8        8        1915.4920             1867.5       463.6968
## 9        9        1250.8468             1246.0       225.3796
## 10      10        1391.7919             1396.0       207.1132
## 11      11        1071.6696             1046.0       389.8696
## 12      12        1160.9588             1177.5       136.6380
## 13      13        2415.9000             2402.0       178.2514
## 14      14         760.9963              761.0       124.7412
## 15      15        1087.8144             1094.0       137.8144
## 16      16         497.8786              487.0        94.7335
## 17      17         658.6830              661.5       104.8341
## 18      18        1195.1204             1204.5       168.1175
calculate_zscore <- function(x) {
  (x - mean(x)) / sd(x)
}

normalized_df <- summary_df %>%
  mutate(
    mean_spike_count_normalized = calculate_zscore(mean_spike_count),
    median_spike_count_normalized = calculate_zscore(median_spike_count),
    sd_spike_count_normalized = calculate_zscore(sd_spike_count)
  )

head(normalized_df)
##   session mean_spike_count median_spike_count sd_spike_count
## 1       1         1130.096             1078.0       204.6960
## 2       2         1354.227             1352.0       185.0323
## 3       3         1382.807             1367.5       151.6005
## 4       4         1488.711             1476.0       268.0906
## 5       5         1201.748             1187.5       210.5159
## 6       6          775.269              768.0       141.0020
##   mean_spike_count_normalized median_spike_count_normalized
## 1                -0.149877885                    -0.2433779
## 2                 0.343781448                     0.3656225
## 3                 0.406730225                     0.4000732
## 4                 0.639988924                     0.6412285
## 5                 0.007938368                     0.0000000
## 6                -0.931404012                    -0.9323929
##   sd_spike_count_normalized
## 1                0.07298332
## 2               -0.13413779
## 3               -0.48628113
## 4                0.74073063
## 5                0.13428617
## 6               -0.59791696

This data frame shows us the summary statistics such as the mean,median, and mode of the different sessions. Additionally, they are also normalized to allow for unit free statistical analysis.

library(ggplot2)

normalized_df$session <- factor(normalized_df$session, levels = unique(normalized_df$session))
# Bar plot of mean_spike_count_normalized
bar_plot <- ggplot(normalized_df, aes(x = session, y = mean_spike_count_normalized)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "blue") +
  labs(title = "Mean Spike Count (Normalized)") +
  xlab("Session Number") + ylab("Normalized Mean Spike Count")

print(bar_plot)

# Boxplot of sd_spike_count_normalized
boxplot <- ggplot(normalized_df, aes(x = session, y = sd_spike_count_normalized)) +
  geom_boxplot(fill = "green", color = "black") +
  labs(title = "Standard Deviation of Spike Count (Normalized)") +
  xlab("Session Number") + ylab("Normalized Standard Deviation of Spike Count")

print(boxplot)

# Scatter plot of mean_spike_count_normalized and median_spike_count_normalized
scatter_plot <- ggplot(normalized_df, aes(x = mean_spike_count_normalized, y = median_spike_count_normalized)) +
  geom_point(color = "red") +
  labs(title = "Mean vs Median Spike Count (Normalized)") +
  xlab("Normalized Mean Spike Count") + ylab("Normalized Median Spike Count")

print(scatter_plot)

From the plot we can see session 8 and 13 have the highest mean spike counts, and sessions 16 and 17 have the lowest.

library(ggplot2)

#make sessions into different numerical factor levels
combinedSpikeData$session <- factor(combinedSpikeData$session, levels = unique(combinedSpikeData$session))

# Calculate failure rates for each session
failure_rates <- combinedSpikeData %>%
  group_by(session) %>%
  summarise(failure_rate = mean(feedback_type == -1)*100)  # Calculate the percentage of failure feedback_type values

# Calculate overall average failure rate
overall_average_failure_rate <- mean(failure_rates$failure_rate)

# Bar plot of failure rates with average line
failure_plot <- ggplot(failure_rates, aes(x = session, y = failure_rate)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "red") +
  geom_hline(yintercept = overall_average_failure_rate, linetype = "dashed", color = "blue") +
  labs(title = "Failure Rates by Session") +
  xlab("Session") + ylab("Failure Rate (%)")

print(failure_plot)

overall_average_failure_rate
## [1] 29.26026

Here we make a plot to calculate the average failure rate in individual sessions, and among all sessions. We calculated the average failure to be almost 30% at 29.26%.This provides us a good benchmark on what to expect of a regular trial without any information on the predictor variables.

library(ggplot2)
library(reshape2)

# Create separate dataframes for left and right contrasts
left_contrast_df <- data.frame(Contrast = combinedSpikeData$contrast_left, Feedback = combinedSpikeData$feedback_type)
right_contrast_df <- data.frame(Contrast = combinedSpikeData$contrast_right, Feedback = combinedSpikeData$feedback_type)

# Calculate the counts of left and right contrasts with each feedback type
left_contrast_counts <- table(left_contrast_df)
right_contrast_counts <- table(right_contrast_df)

# Convert the tables to dataframes
left_contrast_counts_df <- as.data.frame(left_contrast_counts)
right_contrast_counts_df <- as.data.frame(right_contrast_counts)


# Rename the columns
colnames(left_contrast_counts_df) <- c("Contrast", "Feedback", "Count")
colnames(right_contrast_counts_df) <- c("Contrast", "Feedback", "Count")


# Plot the left contrasts compared to the feedback
left_plot <- ggplot(left_contrast_counts_df, aes(x = Contrast, y = Count, fill = Feedback)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
  labs(title = "Left Contrasts vs. Feedback",
       x = "Left Contrast",
       y = "Count",
       fill = "Feedback") +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("green", "red"),
                    labels = c("Correct", "Incorrect"))

# Plot the right contrasts compared to the feedback
right_plot <- ggplot(right_contrast_counts_df, aes(x = Contrast, y = Count, fill = Feedback)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
  labs(title = "Right Contrasts vs. Feedback",
       x = "Right Contrast",
       y = "Count",
       fill = "Feedback") +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("green", "red"),
                    labels = c("Correct", "Incorrect"))

# Display the plots side by side
gridExtra::grid.arrange(left_plot, right_plot, ncol = 2)

Do a plot of how many left and right contrasts there are, and compare that to the response/feedback. - > have one column for left, one for right, and one for the amount of trials per each combo

# Select the relevant columns for PCA
numeric_cols <- c("contrast_left", "contrast_right", "brain_area", "number_of_neurons", "spikes")

# Convert the selected columns to numeric
combinedSpikeData[numeric_cols] <- lapply(combinedSpikeData[numeric_cols], function(x) as.numeric(as.character(x)))

# Subset the dataframe with the numeric columns
numeric_data <- combinedSpikeData[, numeric_cols]

# Standardize the numeric data
scaled_data <- scale(numeric_data)

# Apply PCA
pca_result <- prcomp(scaled_data)

# Access the principal components
pc_scores <- pca_result$x

# Access the standard deviations of the principal components
pc_std <- pca_result$sdev

# Access the proportion of variance explained by each principal component
pc_variance <- pca_result$sdev^2 / sum(pca_result$sdev^2)

# Access the cumulative proportion of variance explained
cumulative_variance <- cumsum(pc_variance)

# Plot the scree plot to visualize the explained variance
plot(1:length(pc_variance), pc_variance, type = "b", xlab = "Principal Component", ylab = "Proportion of Variance Explained", main = "Scree Plot")

# Plot the cumulative variance plot
plot(1:length(cumulative_variance), cumulative_variance, type = "b", xlab = "Number of Principal Components", ylab = "Cumulative Proportion of Variance Explained", main = "Cumulative Variance Explained")

Through the application of PCA on this data set, we see that after 3 predictor variables there is already 80% of cumulative proportion of variance explained. And after 4 variables of interest there is higher than 90%.

library(ggplot2)
# Calculate success rates by mouse
success_rates <- aggregate(feedback_type ~ mouse, combinedSpikeData, function(x) sum(x == 1) / length(x))

# Create the plot
ggplot(success_rates, aes(x = mouse, y = feedback_type, fill = mouse)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  labs(x = "Mouse", y = "Success Rate", title = "Success Rates by Mouse") +
  theme_bw()

# Load required libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)

# Create a subset of the dataframe with relevant columns
subset_df <- combinedSpikeData[, c("brain_area", "spikes", "feedback_type")]
head(subset_df)
##   brain_area spikes feedback_type
## 1          8   1161             1
## 2          8    963             1
## 3          8   1354            -1
## 4          8   1014            -1
## 5          8   1046            -1
## 6          8    803             1
# Perform k-means clustering
set.seed(123)  # For reproducibility
k <- 2  # Number of clusters
kmeans_result <- kmeans(subset_df[, c("brain_area", "spikes")], centers = k)

# Add cluster labels to the dataframe
subset_df$cluster <- as.factor(kmeans_result$cluster)

# Plot the clusters
ggplot(subset_df, aes(x = brain_area, y = spikes, color = cluster)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "K-means Clustering of Brain Area and Spikes",
       x = "Brain Area",
       y = "Spikes") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("red", "blue")) +
  theme_minimal()

Section 4 Predictive modeling

In this section we create a predictive model using logistic regression. I thought logistic regression would be the best choice for this project because of the binomial nature of the response variable in the data set. The feedback type only has two values -1 and 1 for failure and success, and because logistic regression is designed to model binary outcomes this would be a good fit.

# Load required libraries
library(dplyr)
library(caret)
## Loading required package: lattice
# Prepare the data
lgm_dataset <- subset(combinedSpikeData, select = c(contrast_left, contrast_right, spikes, feedback_type, session))
head(lgm_dataset)
##   contrast_left contrast_right spikes feedback_type session
## 1           0.0            0.5   1161             1       1
## 2           0.0            0.0    963             1       1
## 3           0.5            1.0   1354            -1       1
## 4           0.0            0.0   1014            -1       1
## 5           0.0            0.0   1046            -1       1
## 6           0.0            0.0    803             1       1
train_data <- lgm_dataset %>% 
  filter(session != 1 & session != 18)  # Exclude Session 1 and Session 18 from training
test_data <- lgm_dataset %>% 
  filter(session == 1 | session == 18)  # Use Session 1 and Session 18 for testing

head(train_data)
##   contrast_left contrast_right spikes feedback_type session
## 1          1.00            1.0   1727            -1       2
## 2          0.25            0.0   1071             1       2
## 3          0.50            0.5   1343            -1       2
## 4          0.25            0.0   1378             1       2
## 5          0.00            0.0   1326            -1       2
## 6          0.00            0.0   1029             1       2
summary(train_data)
##  contrast_left   contrast_right       spikes       feedback_type    session    
##  Min.   :0.000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 260.0   -1:1386       10     : 447  
##  1st Qu.:0.000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.: 846.5   1 :3365       15     : 404  
##  Median :0.250   Median :0.2500   Median :1168.0                 9      : 372  
##  Mean   :0.344   Mean   :0.3226   Mean   :1209.6                 11     : 342  
##  3rd Qu.:0.500   3rd Qu.:0.5000   3rd Qu.:1441.5                 12     : 340  
##  Max.   :1.000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :2921.0                 13     : 300  
##                                                                  (Other):2546
head(test_data)
##   contrast_left contrast_right spikes feedback_type session
## 1           0.0            0.5   1161             1       1
## 2           0.0            0.0    963             1       1
## 3           0.5            1.0   1354            -1       1
## 4           0.0            0.0   1014            -1       1
## 5           0.0            0.0   1046            -1       1
## 6           0.0            0.0    803             1       1
# Select relevant features and target variable
#features <- c("contrast_left", "contrast_right", "number_of_neurons", "brain_area")
target <- "feedback_type"

session_1_data =  filter(combinedSpikeData, session == 1)
model = glm(formula = feedback_type ~ contrast_left + contrast_right + spikes,  family = "binomial", data = train_data)
summary(model)
## 
## Call:
## glm(formula = feedback_type ~ contrast_left + contrast_right + 
##     spikes, family = "binomial", data = train_data)
## 
## Deviance Residuals: 
##     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  
## -1.8387  -1.4884   0.8017   0.8534   0.9537  
## 
## Coefficients:
##                  Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    
## (Intercept)     4.704e-01  8.833e-02   5.326 1.01e-07 ***
## contrast_left   1.467e-01  8.214e-02   1.786    0.074 .  
## contrast_right -2.324e-02  8.411e-02  -0.276    0.782    
## spikes          3.140e-04  6.669e-05   4.709 2.49e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 5736.3  on 4750  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 5708.7  on 4747  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 5716.7
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4
# Evaluate the model
predictions <- as.data.frame((predict(model, newdata = test_data)))
predicted_factor <- factor(ifelse(predictions > .5, 1, -1), levels = levels(test_data$feedback_type))
mean(test_data$feedback_type == predicted_factor)
## [1] 0.7363636
# Create a confusion matrix
confusion_matrix <- table(test_data$feedback_type, predicted_factor)

# Print the confusion matrix
print(confusion_matrix)
##     predicted_factor
##       -1   1
##   -1   0  87
##   1    0 243
# Calculate misclassification error
misclassification_error <- 1 - sum(diag(confusion_matrix)) / sum(confusion_matrix)

# Print the misclassification error
print(misclassification_error)
## [1] 0.2636364

Section 5 Prediction performance on the test sets.

After using the test data and inputting it into the logistic model, we get a very similar missclassifcation rate of 0.265, which went up a very minimal amount. Therefore, due to the low missclassification rate we can conclude that the logistic regression model is well fitted to our data-set, and has potential to predict other data sets within this experiment.

#read test data
session=list()
for(i in 1:2){
  session[[i]]=readRDS(paste("test",i,'.rds',sep=''))
    print(session[[i]]$mouse_name)
    print(session[[i]]$date_exp)
  
}
## [1] "Cori"
## [1] "2016-12-14"
## [1] "Lederberg"
## [1] "2017-12-11"
#make the dataframe
mouse_test=data.frame()
for(i in 1:2){
  x=cbind(session[[i]]$contrast_left,session[[i]]$contrast_right,rep(i,length(session[[i]]$contrast_left)),session[[i]]$mouse_name,length(session[[i]]$brain_area),length(unique(session[[i]]$brain_area)),length(session[[i]]$spks),session[[i]]$feedback_type)

   mouse_test = rbind(mouse_test,x)
   
}

colnames(mouse_test) = c("contrast_left","contrast_right", "session","mouse","number_of_neurons","brain_area","number_of_trials", "feedback_type")
mouse_test$contrast_left = as.factor(mouse_test$contrast_left)
mouse_test$contrast_right = as.factor(mouse_test$contrast_right)
mouse_test$session = as.factor (mouse_test$session)
mouse_test$mouse = as.factor(mouse_test$mouse)
mouse_test$feedback_type = as.factor(mouse_test$feedback_type)
head(mouse_test)
##   contrast_left contrast_right session mouse number_of_neurons brain_area
## 1          0.25           0.25       1  Cori               734          8
## 2             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
## 3             1            0.5       1  Cori               734          8
## 4             0            0.5       1  Cori               734          8
## 5             1            0.5       1  Cori               734          8
## 6           0.5           0.25       1  Cori               734          8
##   number_of_trials feedback_type
## 1              100            -1
## 2              100             1
## 3              100             1
## 4              100             1
## 5              100             1
## 6              100             1
#combine spikes
manipTestData = function(data, sessionNum){
  test_trial_nums = NULL
  test_brain_area = data$brain_area
  test_spks = cbind(brain_area, as.data.frame(sapply(data$spks, rowSums)))
  test_spks = spks %>% group_by(brain_area) %>% summarise(across(everything(), sum))
  
  proper = tidyr::pivot_longer(spks, cols = starts_with("V"), names_to = "Trial", values_to = "Spikes")
  
test_trial_numbers= as.numeric(sub("V", "", grep("^V\\d+$", names(spks), value = TRUE)))
test_trial_nums = rep(trial_numbers, dim(proper %>% distinct(brain_area)) [1])

proper$Trial = c(test_trial_nums)

proper$session = sessionNum
return(proper)

}

#combine spikes to the dataframe
totalTestSpikeData = NULL
for(i in 1:2){
  tempTestData  = manipData(session[[i]], i)
  
  totalTestSpikeData = rbind(totalTestSpikeData, tempTestData)
}

totalTestSpikeData
## # A tibble: 1,800 × 4
##    brain_area Trial Spikes session
##    <chr>      <dbl>  <dbl>   <int>
##  1 ACA            1     98       1
##  2 ACA            2     72       1
##  3 ACA            3    145       1
##  4 ACA            4    161       1
##  5 ACA            5     77       1
##  6 ACA            6     96       1
##  7 ACA            7     78       1
##  8 ACA            8     87       1
##  9 ACA            9     68       1
## 10 ACA           10    157       1
## # ℹ 1,790 more rows
summarisedTestSpikeData = totalTestSpikeData %>% group_by(session, Trial) %>% summarise(spikes =sum(Spikes))
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'session'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
combinedTestSpikeData = cbind(mouse_test,summarisedTestSpikeData[-1])

head(combinedTestSpikeData)
##   contrast_left contrast_right session mouse number_of_neurons brain_area
## 1          0.25           0.25       1  Cori               734          8
## 2             0              0       1  Cori               734          8
## 3             1            0.5       1  Cori               734          8
## 4             0            0.5       1  Cori               734          8
## 5             1            0.5       1  Cori               734          8
## 6           0.5           0.25       1  Cori               734          8
##   number_of_trials feedback_type Trial spikes
## 1              100            -1     1   1052
## 2              100             1     2   1142
## 3              100             1     3   1383
## 4              100             1     4   1344
## 5              100             1     5   1165
## 6              100             1     6   1005
#display the model
test_model = glm(formula = feedback_type ~ contrast_left + contrast_right + spikes,  family = "binomial", data = combinedTestSpikeData)
summary(test_model)
## 
## Call:
## glm(formula = feedback_type ~ contrast_left + contrast_right + 
##     spikes, family = "binomial", data = combinedTestSpikeData)
## 
## Deviance Residuals: 
##     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  
## -2.1169  -1.0712   0.6255   0.7991   1.3241  
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    
## (Intercept)        -2.7889270  1.0240960  -2.723 0.006463 ** 
## contrast_left0.25  -0.3496355  0.4904563  -0.713 0.475921    
## contrast_left0.5   -0.0909957  0.4975602  -0.183 0.854889    
## contrast_left1     -0.3113989  0.4816316  -0.647 0.517923    
## contrast_right0.25  0.3112216  0.5890566   0.528 0.597264    
## contrast_right0.5  -0.4237436  0.4735713  -0.895 0.370903    
## contrast_right1    -0.2331339  0.4722676  -0.494 0.621555    
## spikes              0.0035838  0.0009559   3.749 0.000177 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 235.27  on 199  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 217.67  on 192  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 233.67
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4
# Evaluate the model
test_predictions <- as.data.frame((predict(test_model, newdata = combinedTestSpikeData)))
test_predicted_factor <- factor(ifelse(test_predictions > .5, 1, -1), levels = levels(combinedTestSpikeData$feedback_type))
#test_mean(combinedTestSpikeData$feedback_type == test_predicted_factor)

# Create a confusion matrix
test_confusion_matrix <- table(combinedTestSpikeData$feedback_type, test_predicted_factor)

# Print the confusion matrix
print(test_confusion_matrix)
##     test_predicted_factor
##       -1   1
##   -1  24  31
##   1   22 123
# Calculate misclassification error
test_misclassification_error <- 1 - sum(diag(test_confusion_matrix)) / sum(test_confusion_matrix)

# Print the misclassification error
print(test_misclassification_error)
## [1] 0.265

Section 6 Discussion.

The analysis provided in this project help provide valuable insights into the relationship between the predictor variables (contrast levels and neural activity) and the feedback type in the experimental trials. Through our analysis we were able to illustrate and explain what amount of predictor variables were the most efficient, which predictors we thought were more important to the model, and the the distinguishing measurements of the different sessions. The logistic regression model had a low miss classification rate of 0.26, which backs up our decision of picking the logistic model. However, there are some caveats to this data-set as all the findings made during our analysis and data modeling are only based on this specific data set and modeling approach. Trying to generalize these findings to other populations should be done so carefully, as these observations are limited to these sessions and mice.